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counseling psychology
Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied work in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health. Some unifying themes among counseling psychologists include a focus on assets and strengths, person–environment interactions, educational and career development, brief interactions, and a focus on intact personalities.〔Gelso, C.J., Williams, E.N. & Fretz, B. (2014). ''Counseling Psychology'' (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.〕
In the U.S., counseling psychology programs are accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA), while counseling programs are accredited through The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). To become licensed as a counseling psychologist, one must meet the criteria of a psychologist's licence (4–7 year doctoral degree and one-year full-time internship, including 3,000 hours of supervised experience and exams). Both doctoral level counseling psychologists and doctoral level counselors can perform both applied work, as well as research and teaching.
==History==
In the U.S., counseling psychology, like many modern psychology specialties, started as a result of World War II. During the war, the U.S. military had a strong need for vocational placement and training. In the 1940s and 1950s the Veterans Administration created a specialty called "counseling psychology," and Division 17〔http://www.div17.org/〕 (now known as the Society for Counseling Psychology) of the APA was formed.〔Heppner, P., Leong, F.T.L., & Chiao, H. (2008). A growing internationalization of counseling psychology. In: Brown, S.D. & Lent, R.W. ''Handbook of Counseling Psychology'' (4th ed). New York: Wiley.〕 This fostered interest in counselor training, and the creation of the first few counseling psychology PhD programs. The first counseling psychology PhD programs were at the University of Minnesota, Ohio State University, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Missouri, Teachers College, Columbia University, and University of Texas at Austin.〔http://www.apa.org/ed/accreditation/counspsy.html〕
In recent decades, counseling psychology as a profession has expanded and is now represented in numerous countries around the world. Books describing the present international state of the field include the ''Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy in an International Context'';〔Moodley, Gielen, & Wu (2013). ''Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy in an International Context''. New York: Routledge.〕 the ''International Handbook of Cross-Cultural Counseling'';〔Gerstein, Heppner, Ægisdóttir, Leung, & Norsworthy (2009). ''International Handbook of Cross-Cultural Counseling: Cultural Assumptions and Practices Worldwide''. Los Angeles: Sage.〕 and ''Counseling Around the World: An International Handbook''.〔Hohenshil, Amundson, & Niles (2013). ''Counseling Around the World: An International Handbook''. Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association.〕 Taken together these volumes trace the global history of the field, explore divergent philosophical assumptions, counseling theories, processes, and trends in different countries, and review a variety of global counselor education programs. Moreover, traditional and indigenous treatment and healing methods that may predate modern counseling methods by hundreds of years remain of significance in many non-Western and Western countries.〔〔Gielen, Fish, & Draguns (2004). ''Handbook of Culture, Therapy, and Healing''. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.〕
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